Blood from small children 'remembers' prenatal smoking exposure

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-11/jhub-bfs112315.php

Public Release: 23-Nov-2015
Blood from small children 'remembers' prenatal smoking exposure
Molecular evidence that mother smoked during pregnancy is still detectable 5 years later
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health

New Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health-led research finds that blood taken from children up to the age of five contains molecular evidence about whether their mothers smoked during pregnancy.

The findings, published online in the journal Environmental Research, offer strong evidence that environmental exposures that go as far back as the womb may continue to remain in the body and potentially affect someone's health for years after birth. They also suggest that with further research it could be possible to detect exposures to other potential toxins during pregnancy that are less evident such as to chemicals in plastics, undetected infections or contaminants in drinking water.

Ultimately, the hope would be to link these exposures to chronic diseases such as autism, obesity or heart disease to better understand how diseases develop and possibly help prevent them.

"If you have a blood sample, you may be able to ask research questions that you could never ask before," says study leader M. Daniele Fallin, PhD, the Sylvia and Harold Halpert Professor and Chair of the Bloomberg School's Department of Mental Health. "Smoking is one thing. But if this turns out to be possible for other kinds of exposures, this could be a paradigm shift.

"We have long known that the body is an accumulator of past exposures - evidence of lead exposure lives on in our bones, for example. But we did not know that something as easy to collect as blood could contain evidence of exposures not only during your life but prenatally. That's what makes this so compelling."

For this new proof of principle study, Fallin and her colleagues did an analysis of epigenetics, molecules that are not part of the DNA sequence but sit on top of it and regulate which genes are turned on and off when and where in the body. Two years ago, another group of researchers looked at newborn cord blood and found that the amount of an epigenetic mark, known as DNA methylation, at 26 locations on the genome, was correlated with whether that baby's mother had smoked during pregnancy.
[Some epigenetic changes can be passed on to following generations.]

For this study, Fallin and her colleagues took the experiment a step further. They tested the blood of 531 preschoolers from six different sites in the United States and also spoke to their mothers about whether or not they smoked during pregnancy. They again analyzed methylation patterns at the same 26 locations in the genome and found that 81 percent of the time their test was able to accurately predict prenatal smoking exposure. It was not previously known whether this epigenetic signature would still be around as many as five years later, but the blood still contained this molecular memory.

It is possible, the researchers say, that the signature is also related to exposure to secondhand smoke after birth, but that would not account for all of it since at birth -- before they could be exposed to secondhand smoke -- those whose mothers smoked while pregnant already had the signature.

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